Here is the abstract of a paper Phillip Pardo, Malcolm Cooper PhD LLM, William Claster PhD, and I published in the Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences (2021, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 1-40). This study explores workplace confusion and presents tools to address it. Through qualitative interviews in France and Japan, we identify common types of confusion and introduce the TAPE Cycle — a framework to navigate and leverage confusion effectively. This exploratory work lays the groundwork for further research on the topic.
